1. Material Composition and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding System
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments containing a high-strength steel core covered by a conductive copper layer, forming a metallurgically bound core-shell architecture.
The steel core, typically low-carbon or stainless-steel, provides mechanical toughness with tensile staminas exceeding 2000 MPa, while the copper coating– normally 2– 10% of the complete diameter– imparts exceptional electric and thermal conductivity.
The user interface between steel and copper is vital for performance; it is engineered with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding procedures to ensure strong adhesion and very little interdiffusion under functional stresses.
Electroplating is one of the most common approach, providing specific density control and consistent insurance coverage on constant steel filaments drawn with copper sulfate baths.
Proper surface pretreatment of the steel, including cleansing, pickling, and activation, ensures optimum nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, protecting against delamination throughout succeeding processing or service.
With time and at elevated temperatures, interdiffusion can create weak iron-copper intermetallic phases at the user interface, which may jeopardize flexibility and lasting reliability– a difficulty alleviated by diffusion obstacles or quick processing.
1.2 Physical and Useful Residence
CCSFs incorporate the most effective qualities of both basic metals: the high elastic modulus and fatigue resistance of steel with the remarkable conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity generally ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Requirement (IACS), relying on covering density and pureness, making CCSF considerably more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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